US planning for the Maduro raid eyed a time when much of the Venezuelan military was expected to be on holiday, memo reveals

• US planning for the Maduro raid focused on a time when much of Venezuela's military would be away.
• A newly released DOJ memo reveals insight into how the Trump administration planned the raid.
• The US initially expected Venezuela's air defenses to be more of a threat to approaching aircraft.

US planning for the high-risk raid to apprehend Venezuela's former president, Nicolás Maduro, centered on a time when much of the country's military would be on holiday leave, a newly released memo reveals.

The December 23 memorandum from the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel offers fresh details about how the US planned to pull off the daring nighttime raid to capture Maduro in his fortified compound and transport him to New York to stand trial. The former leader has pleaded not guilty to the drug and weapons charges he faces.

The raid began late on January 2 and ran into the next day. President Donald Trump said on January 3 that the initial plan was for the operation to occur four days earlier, on December 30, but he decided to wait for better weather.

"The expected duration of the operation within Venezuelan territory is [redacted] hours," wrote T. Elliot Gaiser, a US assistant attorney general, wrote in the late December DOJ memo, which looks into the legality of the raid and was made public this week. Much of the planning section is blacked out.

"In order to minimize casualties, the strike will take place at 0100 am (local time) on a date where a maximum number of Venezuelan military would be on leave for the holidays," Gaiser wrote.

It's unclear how many soldiers were away when the US actually executed the operation in January. Dozens of Venezuelan and Cuban security personnel were killed, the two countries said after Operation Absolute Resolve concluded.

The DOJ memo, which cited Pentagon planning information and details how the US could effectively present the action as a law enforcement operation rather than an act of war, said that the US expected to encounter "significant resistance" from Venezuela's air defenses.

That anticipated resistance includes several dozen anti-aircraft systems on the approach to Fuerte Tiuna, a major military installation in Caracas where Maduro and his wife were believed to be and, indeed, were at the time of the operation.

The memo outlined how US aircraft would strike air defense systems to clear a path for assault forces to reach Tiuna. It said that the Pentagon aimed to target a local power switching station to keep the power off, which could explain Trump's post-raid remarks that a "certain expertise" was used to turn off the lights in Caracas.

The US could have also carried out a cyberattack or employed electronic warfare capabilities. "Kinetic operations will be preceded by non-kinetic action," the memo said.

The memo was published several days before the raid, so it's unclear how US planning may have changed between the time it was written and the actual operation.

Dan Caine, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said on January 3 after the raid that more than 150 US aircraft participated in the operation, including stealth jets, electronic attack aircraft, surveillance and reconnaissance planes, airborne early warning aircraft, bombers, and drones.

Many of these aircraft targeted and engaged Venezuela's air defenses to clear a path for low-flying helicopters carrying the forces that stormed Maduro's compound and apprehended the former president and his wife, consistent with the planning memo.

The US didn't lose any aircraft during the raid. A helicopter took a hit but still remained operational, and a defense official said seven American service members were wounded during the night.

"Risks to the mission are significant," the memo said, adding that its "success will depend on surprise." In the aftermath, Caine said the US achieved "totally the element of surprise."